|
Scar literature or literature of the wounded () is a genre of Chinese literature which emerged in the late 1970s, soon after the death of Mao Zedong, portraying the sufferings of cadres and intellectuals during the tragic experiences of the Cultural Revolution and the rule of the Gang of Four.〔Chen 1996: 160〕 The first exemplar of the genre is generally agreed to be Lu Xinhua's 1978 story "Scar", which attacked official hypocrisy and corruption.〔Chen et al. 2004: xiv-xvii〕 Liu Xinwu's 1977 short story "The Class Monitor" (班主任) has also been described as the pioneer of scar literature, though this assessment is disputed.〔Xie 2000〕 Most of the representative authors were in their thirties and forties at the time; they worked as salaried writers and editors, and published their works in state-sponsored literary journals.〔Siu and Stern 1983: xxxviii〕 The moral outrage they expressed in their works resonated with the public, contributing to its popularity.〔Watson 1992: 106〕 The growth of scar literature corresponded with the Beijing Spring, a period of greater openness in Chinese society; scar literature has even been described as a "second Hundred Flowers Movement".〔Watson 1992: 107-108〕 Though scar literature focuses on trauma and oppression, and has been described as largely negative, love and faith remained its major themes; its practitioners were typically not opposed to Communism, but on the converse retained faith in the ability of the Party to rectify past tragedies, and "embraced love as a key to solving social problems".〔Liu 2003: 24〕 Regardless, though their writing was hailed as marking a revival of the tradition of socialist realism in the arts, it in fact represented a break from the socialist tradition, as it was no longer subject to party control, and was not under an obligation to serve the purpose of political education for the masses.〔Chen 1996: 161〕 However, scar literature did not entirely receive a free pass from the Party establishment; due to its criticisms of the Communist Party and of Mao himself, as well as its exposure of social problems, it came under attack by conservatives as early as 1979. Events such as the trial of Wei Jingsheng signalled writers that there were limits to the open discussion of the past errors of the Party, and after the end of the trial of the Gang of Four, the political climate chilled significantly.〔Berry 2004: 92-93〕 Eventually, the government began to crack down on scar literature as part of a wider campaign against "bourgeois liberalism".〔Harding 1987: 188〕 Deng Xiaoping himself provided major support for the campaign, even though his return to Chinese politics after his earlier disgrace and his political victory over rival Hua Guofeng relied heavily on the repudiation of ultra-leftist Maoism inherent in scar literature, and its influence on public opinion.〔〔 The campaign against scar literature was itself unusual in that, unlike earlier campaigns against liberalism, official criticisms were generally limited to attacks on its content, rather than denunciations of individuals.〔White 1998: 166-168〕 Not all works by authors who lived through the Cultural Revolution can be classified as scar literature. Zhang Chengzhi in particular is notable for his idealism regarding his experiences during the Cultural Revolution; his works such as ''Black Stallion'' and ''Rivers of the North'' have been described as rebuttals to the "negativism of scar literature".〔McDougall and Louie: 395-396〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scar literature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|